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A Later Bell: Strengthening an Argument

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A Later Bell: Strengthening an Argument

Evaluate and revise a student essay about school start times.

Read the Student Essay

The school and local records below are fictional. Treat the details as the available evidence, not as findings about all schools.

Make Room for a Later Morning

1At Westfield Middle School, the first bell rings at 8:00 a.m. Students arrive carrying instruments, unfinished conversations, and sometimes heavy eyelids. I propose moving the opening bell to 8:40 for a six-week trial next fall. The school should judge the trial using classroom observations and transportation records, rather than deciding that the current schedule is best simply because it is familiar.

2During adolescence, sleep patterns often shift toward later sleeping and waking times. Young people still need adequate sleep, even when their bodies are not ready for an early bedtime. A later opening bell could give students more opportunity to rest before school. It would not guarantee that students sleep longer, because evening habits would still matter.

3Our student council collected anonymous responses from 60 seventh graders. Of those respondents, 38 reported difficulty staying alert during first period at least three mornings that week. The questionnaire did not ask about bedtimes, and students chose whether to participate. These limits mean the responses cannot show why students felt tired or represent every student, but they identify a concern worth examining.

4Changing the first bell would affect more than mornings. If class time stays the same, dismissal would move from 3:00 to 3:40. The activities coordinator notes that some away-game buses currently leave at 3:20. Players could miss part of their final class unless those departures changed. Families with fixed pickup arrangements could also face difficulties. These are planning problems, not signs that families or coaches care less about learning.

5Before approving the trial, administrators should check whether game departures, bus routes, and pickup arrangements can be adjusted. They should publish the plan early enough for families to respond. During the trial, teachers could record signs of alertness using the same checklist before and after the change. The transportation office could track late arrivals. Neither record alone would settle the question, but together they would offer more useful information than guesses.

6A later bell deserves a careful test, not an automatic promise of better grades. If workable transportation arrangements cannot be made, the trial should wait. If they can, Westfield should compare the benefits and disruptions before choosing its long-term schedule.

Evaluate the Argument

Choose one answer for each multiple-choice question. For the evidence question, underline one complete sentence.

1.
Which reason for investigating a later start is directly supported by the student council's questionnaire?
Question 1 options
2.
Underline the sentence from paragraph 3 that reports how common difficulty staying alert was among the respondents.

3.
Why is it useful for the writer to explain the questionnaire's limits in paragraph 3?
Question 3 options
4.
The writer wants to verify and strengthen the general explanation about adolescent sleep in paragraph 2. Which source would be most useful?
Question 4 options
5.
An editor suggests adding this sentence: “Because 38 respondents reported tiredness, moving the bell will raise test scores.” What is the main reasoning problem?
Question 5 options
6.
Which revision of the opposing view would make paragraph 4 less fair and weaken the argument?
Question 6 options
7.
Which unresolved question would administrators need to answer before the writer's response to transportation concerns becomes convincing?
Question 7 options

Revise and Plan

Consider how organization, precise language, and a fair response strengthen an argument. Then plan your own position using the available evidence.

8.
Why does placing paragraph 4 immediately before paragraph 5 help organize the essay?
Question 8 options
9.
Which sentence could introduce paragraph 5 while making the relationship between the opposing view and the proposed response explicit?
Question 9 options
10.
A draft sentence reads, “An 8:00 bell is ridiculous, and the people defending it need to get real.” Which revision maintains a formal style while preserving a clear position?
Question 10 options
11.
Which sentence would weaken the existing conclusion by introducing a new, unsupported reason?
Question 11 options
12.
Argument plan—claim, reasons, and evidence: Should Westfield pursue the proposed later-start trial? Write 4–6 sentences stating a precise claim and two distinct reasons. Support each reason with a specific detail from the essay and explain the connection. You may support, oppose, or conditionally support the trial, but do not treat the questionnaire as proof that a later bell will improve grades.
13.
Argument plan—opposing view, response, and conclusion: Continue the position you developed in question 12. Write 4–6 sentences that fairly explain one opposing view, respond with reasoning and a specific essay detail, and end with a conclusion that follows from your argument. Use a transition to show how your response relates to the opposing view. Do not add a new factual claim in the conclusion.